How to Cite Papers in Chicago Style Using Footnotes and Endnotes

How to Cite Papers in Chicago Style Using Footnotes and Endnotes

The Chicago Manual of Style offers two systems for citing sources: the Notes and Bibliography system and the Author-Date system. Here, we will focus on the Notes and Bibliography system, which is commonly used in the humanities.

Footnotes and Endnotes in Chicago Style

Footnotes and endnotes are used to cite sources within the text. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page on which the reference is made, while endnotes appear at the end of the document. Both are indicated by a superscript number in the text that corresponds to a numbered citation either at the bottom of the page (footnote) or at the end of the document (endnote).

Key Elements of Chicago Footnotes and Endnotes

1. Author's Name: First name first, followed by the last name.
2. Title of Work: Titles of books and journals are italicized, while titles of articles, chapters, and other shorter works are put in quotation marks.
3. Publication Details: Includes the place of publication, the name of the publisher, and the year of publication.
4. Page Numbers: Specific page numbers for quotes or referenced information.

Basic Format for Footnotes/Endnotes

1. Book:
   • Footnote/Endnote: Firstname Lastname, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
   • Bibliography: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
2. Journal Article:
   • Footnote/Endnote: Firstname Lastname, "Title of Article," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of publication): page number.
   • Bibliography: Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of publication): page range.
3. Chapter in an Edited Book:
   • Footnote/Endnote: Firstname Lastname, "Title of Chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Firstname Lastname (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
   • Bibliography: Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Firstname Lastname, page range. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Sample Paper Cited with Footnotes, Endnotes, and a Bibliography

Sample Paper

Title: The Impact of Renaissance Art on Modern AestheticsIntroductionThe Renaissance period marked a significant transformation in art and culture. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo set the foundation for modern aesthetics, which still influences contemporary art. This paper explores the lasting impact of Renaissance art on modern aesthetics, focusing on key works and their relevance today.

Main Body

Renaissance art introduced techniques and perspectives that were revolutionary at the time. Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is a prime example of the era’s innovative approach to portrait painting. Da Vinci’s use of sfumato and his meticulous attention to detail set a new standard for artists1. Similarly, Michelangelo’s David exemplifies the Renaissance’s emphasis on humanism and anatomical precision2.Modern artists continue to draw inspiration from Renaissance techniques. For instance, the use of chiaroscuro in contemporary photography can be traced back to the innovations of Caravaggio3. The influence of Renaissance art is not limited to visual arts but extends to literature and philosophy, shaping modern humanistic values4.

Conclusion

The Renaissance was a pivotal era that shaped the trajectory of Western art and culture. Its principles of humanism, naturalism, and innovation continue to resonate in modern aesthetics, proving the enduring legacy of Renaissance masters.

Endnotes

1. Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, accessed January 10, 2024, https://www.louvre.fr/en/explore/the-palace/the-mona-lisa.
2. Michelangelo, David (Florence: Accademia Gallery, 1504).
3. Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, in The Complete Works of Caravaggio, ed. Michael Fried (London: Phaidon Press, 1998), 56-57.
4. Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 45-46.

Bibliography

• Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. New York: Harper & Row, 1958.
• Caravaggio. The Calling of St. Matthew. In The Complete Works of Caravaggio, edited by Michael Fried, 56-57. London: Phaidon Press, 1998.
• da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. Accessed January 10, 2024. https://www.louvre.fr/en/explore/the-palace/the-mona-lisa.
• Michelangelo. David. Florence: Accademia Gallery, 1504.

Explanation

1. Footnotes and Endnotes: The superscript numbers in the text indicate footnotes or endnotes. For example, "Da Vinci’s use of sfumato and his meticulous attention to detail set a new standard for artists1" references the first footnote/endnote.
2. Endnotes Section: At the end of the document, the endnotes section lists the full citations corresponding to the superscript numbers in the text.
3. Bibliography: A comprehensive list of all sources cited in the paper, organized alphabetically by the author's last name. This list provides full bibliographic details, allowing readers to locate the original sources.

By following these guidelines, you can accurately and effectively cite sources in Chicago style using footnotes and endnotes, ensuring your academic writing is properly referenced and credible.