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In recent years, Japan has been experiencing natural disasters due to increased typhoons and heavy rains. Heavy rains caused considerable damage during Typhoon No. 19 in 2019, particularly in eastern Japan (Kazama, 2021). Additionally, in Tokyo, floods caused flooding and roads collapsed due to overflowing rivers. As a result, Japan needs adaptation measures to help avoid or reduce the impacts of these inevitable climate changes. Furthermore, mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gases should be implemented since it is a global warming agent. After the enactment of Special Financial Support for Dealing with Designated Disasters of Extreme Severity in 1962, the Japanese government have been able to efficiently adapt to natural disasters (Britton, 2007). When the Japanese government fails to implement the appropriate adaptation measures in the face of natural disasters, it may be held accountable.

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